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</div></div> </div> </li></div> </div> </div><div class="container move-monitor" id="content-b4d7e603-dc5c-4019-9525-5a06aa12ada3" data-guid="41b6ab3e-9000-4f4c-af3f-5e0b647f9c81" value="3" style="opacity: 1;"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 column ui-sortable" data-guid="8bbc0dea-34d9-e518-4d55-5fcb011b693a"><li data-even="15" class="ui-draggable-handle ui-sortable-handle" style="width: 100%; right: auto; bottom: auto; opacity: 1;"> <div class="module-context" data-type="0" data-name="自定義欄目" data-value="0e140772-3f4d-4273-be13-cb29c466b0db" data-guid="25b9f688-32cc-0150-be72-3565ea99aabb" id="box_e0635738-535d-4741-b24a-6eff3eb6d054" style="width: 100%; display: block;"> <div class="module-view" style="width: 100%;"><div> <div class="news_content_head"> <div class="news_content_title"> 生物接觸氧化法處理技術運轉和維護要點 </div> <div class="news_content_date"> 發布時間 2020-11-16 </div> </div> <div class="news_content_text"> <p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">一、運轉和管理</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">主要是從影響處理效果的幾個主要因素進行管理</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">①有機負荷</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">有機負荷是反應生物接觸氧化法凈化效能的重要指標。由于各種廢水的濃度、組成不同，因此從廣義上說，有機負荷應當包括具有抑制作用并足以影響處理效果的一切物質。能被微生物分解的污染物質數量用</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">表示，這一數值近似地等于各種物質所能生成能量的總和，所以有機負荷是指生物接觸氧化處理中單位數量微生物所能處理的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">數量（投加的、接受的）。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">有機負荷有三種不同的表示方法：單位填料容積的污染物質負荷量（填料容積負荷）；單位填料面積的污染物質負荷量（填料表面積負荷）；接觸氧化池單位容積的污染物負荷量（氧化池容積負荷）。常用的是填料容積負荷。即</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">容積負荷</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">=</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">單位時間內供給生物膜的有機物數量（</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">）</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">i</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">填料總體積</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">②</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">生物接觸氧化法作為一種生物處理方法來說，環境條件對生物膜的影響是重要的，有時甚至是決定性的。其中</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值是重要的環境因素之一。適合于微生物生長的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值范圍如下：</span></span></p><table cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">值</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">適合于生長繁殖的微生物和污泥性能</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">2.0</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">大部分霉菌，污泥的沉淀性不良</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">3</span><span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">5</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">霉菌及細菌，污泥呈白褐色</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">7</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">污泥呈黃褐色，沉淀性與透明度都很好</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">8</span><span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">污泥呈黃褐色，但透明度惡化</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="73" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">9</span><span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">11</span></p></td><td width="495" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">污泥呈粉紅色，微生物增殖減少</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雖然</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值的*廣范圍為</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">4</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">，但由于異常的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值能夠損害細胞表面的滲透功能和細胞內的酶反應，因此適宜的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值范圍應為</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">6</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">8</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。生物接觸氧化法對</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值的適應性比較強。當污水的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值為</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">8</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">時，微生物任然有適應能力，對處理效果影響不大。</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值為</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10.5</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">時，則對處理效果有影響。當受到</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值沖擊時（如</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值＞</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">11</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">），微生物是不能適應的，在這種情況下反應*敏感的是生物相。鐘蟲呈呆滯狀態或消失，菌膠團解體，松散模糊，游離菌、豆形蟲、草履蟲增多。</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">cod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">去除率下降。但是，當受到高</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值沖擊后，若能及時采取措施（如加酸中和）將污水</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值調整至</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">10</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">以下，則生物相的恢復比活性污泥法快。一般只需</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">5</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">5</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">天氧化池的工況即可恢復。同樣，當污水</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值為</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">5</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">6</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">時，生物接觸氧化池仍然有一定的適應能力。</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值不僅影響細菌的生長繁殖，而且影響有毒物質的含量。如重金屬離子的溶解度因</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值的不同變化很大。此外，氨在堿性條件下形成的</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">nh3</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">，毒性較</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">nh4+</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">為強。氰在酸性條件下形成</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">hcn</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">，在堿性條件下形成氰酸鹽，毒性作用減弱?？偟膩碚f，無機質由</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值左右其離子化，從而影響其毒害作用。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">③接觸停留時間</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">在生物接觸氧化處理條件下，氧化分解速度或硝化速度對接觸時間的依賴性很大。微生物對有機物的轉化過程與微生物機體的化學過程緊密地聯系著，所以，無論是將復雜的有機物分解氧化為簡單的無機物，或者是比較簡單的分解氧化產物合成復雜的細胞物質，都需要一定的時間。從降低廢水有機物含量這一角度來說，有機物轉移到生物膜所需的時間是重要的。這個轉移實質上是將微生物對廢水中的有機物吸著吸附過程。這個轉移一般能夠在廢水同生物膜接觸后數分鐘內完成。但是，生物處理對廢水中有機物的凈化作用，不僅是由于生物吸附與吸著作用，更重要的是吸附吸著后的氧化分解和細胞合成作用，使有機物無機化。被吸附在生物膜上的有機物，經氧化分解與合成全部轉化為穩定物質所需時間較長（數小時乃至數十天）。因此，處理時間愈長，微生物對有機物的吸著、吸附、降解作用愈徹底，處理水</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">bod</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">殘留愈小，處理效果愈好；反之亦然。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">④溫度</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溫度對生物處理有一定的影響。溫度高，微生物活力強，新陳代謝旺盛，氧化愈呼吸作用強，處理效果較好；反之，溫度較低，微生物的生命活動受到抑制，處理效率受到影響。在生物接觸氧化法處理廢水時，由于接觸停留時間比活性污泥法短，因此，處理過程中污水受氣溫的影響不大，主要起作用的是水溫。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">水溫對處理效果的影響主要是對氨氮的去除。因為當硝化或完全硝化時，廢水中的氨氮被氧化呈亞硝酸鹽或硝酸鹽。而硝化細菌的繁殖常常受許多因素（水質、溫度、</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">ph</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">值）的影響，其中與溫度的關系*大。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">⑤供氧</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">一般供氧多有利于有機物的降解。當進水溶解氧較高時，則生物降解速度快，溶解氧迅速減少，是出水溶解氧不會很多。當進水溶解氧較低時，則生物降解速度慢，溶解氧消耗少，出水仍有少量溶解氧。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溶解氧與處理水質有關。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溶解氧與水溫有關。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">溶解氧一般在</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">3</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">—</span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">6</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">毫克</span></span><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">/</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">升。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">二、維護管理要點</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">與活性污泥法相比較，生物接觸氧化法的運轉管理有其特殊性。在活性污泥法處理中，整個處理系統的工作狀態可通過曝氣池、二次沉淀池和處理水水質來檢測判斷。當曝氣池效能降低時，處理水質急劇地惡化，因而在變化初期就可以發現異常情況。但在生物接觸氧化法處理中，即使氧化池污泥蓄積，填料局部發生堵塞，經沉淀池處理的處理水水質變化仍然是緩慢的，而不是簡單地惡化。生物接觸氧化系統的工況變化優先表現在氧化池出水中懸浮物質增加，水質混濁。同時由于流經填料的水流阻力增大，氧化池水位上升。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">生物接觸氧化池比活性污泥法維護管理方便，其要點是防止剩余生物膜堵塞填料。為此，在運轉管理上應注意如下幾點。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">1</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">、原水</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">①生物接觸氧化法對沖擊負荷的適應能力是強的，但仍需調節好原水水質與水量。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">②盡量除去原水中的各種懸浮物，特別是纖維狀懸浮物，以防填料堵塞。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">③測定氮、磷等營養物質含量，特別是處理生產廢水時，要充分調查生產狀況，掌握排水量和濃度的變化幅度。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">2</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">、氧化池</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">①要仔細地觀察氧化池內的顏色、氣泡、臭氣、懸浮污泥和曝氣等狀況。一旦發現不正常，應立即采取相應措施。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">②通風量瞬時增大易引起生物膜脫落，因此，通風量宜徐徐增加。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">③氧化池反沖洗排泥時，特別是氧化池幾乎排空的時候如反沖洗不充分，會使填料支架上附著污泥增加荷重，因此必須在排水的同時，用壓力水沖洗填料支架，使附著污泥完全沖掉。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px">3</span><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">、沉淀池</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">①與曝氣池相同，要仔細地觀察工況，及早發現狀態變化。</span></p><p style="text-indent:35px;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋體;font-size:14px">②實施活性污泥法的維護管理辦法，如堅持少排泥、勤排泥和定期排泥等。 </span></p><p><br/></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li></div> </div> </div><div class="container-fluid move-monitor" id="content-0af06c0b-02bb-400b-af88-7da53afc1407" data-guid="a66b40ab-5b65-498b-ba1d-d8d7a801ecae" value="4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 column ui-sortable" data-guid="1d9c0c34-4401-7ddc-226e-eeba2db45f40"><li data-even="15" class="ui-draggable-handle ui-sortable-handle" 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